How can volcanic eruptions affect marine ecosystems?

Volcanic eruptions can have profound effects on marine ecosystems, primarily through the release of ash and gases into the ocean. This volcanic material can significantly alter water quality by increasing turbidity, which affects light penetration. The ash can also introduce heavy metals and toxins into the marine environment, leading to detrimental effects on marine organisms.

When ash settles on the seafloor, it can smother benthic habitats and disrupt the feeding patterns of filter feeders and other organisms that rely on clear water for survival. Additionally, gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide released during eruptions can lead to ocean acidification and changes in dissolved oxygen levels. These changes can be harmful to coral reefs, fish populations, and other sensitive marine species that are essential for maintaining the ecological balance of the ocean.

The impact on marine life can extend beyond immediate effects. For example, the alteration of nutrient cycles can affect primary productivity, thereby disrupting food webs for numerous species. These multifaceted changes underscore the critical influence volcanic activity can have on both the water quality and the health of marine ecosystems.